Terrorist Threats Faced In The Uk Criminology Essay

Terrorist Threats Faced In The Uk Criminology Essay For Steven Greers article on anti-terrorism law, there were many distinctions he picked out when taking into account the background, and other facts on the terrorism organisation. He contrasts between the threat before 9/11 and after 9/11 using Northern Ireland and Al-Qaeda as his examples. He states how Northern Ireland were subjected to the diplock process, characterised by non-jury courts, extended police and army powers to stop and question, stop and search, search and seize, and arrest and detain for up to seven days without charge. He emphasizes and distinguishes how most of the people arrested under this diplock process, three quarter of them were released. And convictions mainly based on largely based on confessions extracted in police interrogation or obtained as a result of evidence provided by supergrasses. Mr Greer distinguishes the shoot to kill policy, whereby it was introduced before 9/11. There is evidence that elements in the British security agencies colluded in mur der with Loyalist paramilitaries due to this policy. Another distinguish is the seven day policy, Mr Greer points out how before 9/11, the united kingdom had seven-day detention provision did not violate the Convention because there were grounds for maintaining that the conflict in Northern Ireland amounted to a public emergency threatening the life of the nation. In 1998 human rights act was introduced whereby it empowers UK courts to consider whether anti-terrorist detention provisions are compatible with the Convention and, if necessary, to force a government rethink as dramatically occurred in the Belmarsh case in 2004. For post 9/11, Mr Greer using the two prime examples, to outline how each of them operates differently and how much of a risk they are to the UK. He states how some people perceive terrorism as too broad the long war where it is more of a struggle against terrorism with terrorism in the UK context meaning something narrower than the definition, namely violent threats to a liberal democratic state and society .He distinguishes many factors which when putting into account make the pre 9/11 terrorism seem minor implications. First, he distinguishes post 9/11 how the IRA embraced a modern, secular, nationalist ideology, whereas AQT terrorists invoke Islamism, a political ideology which relies heavily on Islam, a pre-modern religion. Consequences of this, Muslims in the United Kingdom and elsewhere would repudiate as inauthentic and illegitimate. The second difference is that the IRAs violence had limited territorial objective to enhance the political power of the nationalist minority in the north of Ireland. It was never intended to destroy a civilization or a way of life. Indeed the way of life. Post 9/11 threats to the UK Greer points out how terrorist organisations such as AQT their goals were much more ambitious and were clearly linked to a conflict over control of territory in the Middle East and not Britain. Greer also points out British jihadists are motivated by a sense of injustice stemming from disadvantage and discrimination suffered by British Muslims. In contrast with pre 9/11 and post 9/11 the old-fashioned nationalism of the IRA is quite different to Islamist terrorism objective to destroy the West as a decadent and ungodly anti-civilization. Another distinction that Steven Greer uses is the terrorisms fire power. He shows how pre 9/11 the IRA never used suicide bombs, which in contrast to post 9/11 is the favoured method of AQT terrorism. The IRA always had in mind to minimise civilian casualties whereas post 9/11 AQT terrorism seeks to maximise civ ilian casualties. Steven Greer also outlines how pre 9/11 the IRA remained a centrally-controlled and hierarchical paramilitary organisation. Whilst AQT organisations, very loosely structured with no central command other than the inspiration provided by charismatic and highly independent leaders. In the sense outlined, the IRA was a terrorist organisation and Al Qaeda type (AQT) associations are terrorist organisations. But there the similarities end. There are nearly a dozen much more significant differences between post 9/11 and pre 9/11 threats facing the UK. Mr Greers distinctions are very clear to where each terrorist organisation differs for instance when it comes down to casualties, pre 9/11 the IRA would try to minimise the casualties and be effective but post 9/11 the more casualties the better for AQT. It may be that the law has not been so harsh on anti-terrorism that the boundaries on casualties have increased. During the years the fire power and technology has become m ore advanced such as bombs, effectively to deter people or stop them security measures and more harsh laws have been placed. This could explain the 28 day period they can derogate them for, in order to have enough time to gather evidence. Relatively the key objective of antiterrorist laws must now be to contribute significantly to the prevention of attacks and to prosecute those responsible before they occur, since the risk has tripled from pre 9/11. To be effective as possible when risks such as this are at large, gathering accurate intelligence and responding to it appropriately is crucial relating back to pre-9/11 police confessions amount to arrests is not enough. However misuse of these powers could lead to inaccurate evidence such as the insensitive use of stop and question and stop and search powers can provoke anger which, in turn, can cause more damage to intelligence-gathering than the information produced. The use of arrest and detention powers for intelligence-gathering purposes is also incompatible with the European Convention. So by law Human rights should overrule the arrest and derogation powers. What did the Law Lords rule in relation to the provisions under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime Security Act, 2001 concerning indefinite detention, without charge, of foreign nationals? Where are we now in terms of extraordinary powers of detention in cases of suspected terrorism? The Anti-Terrorism, Crime Security Act gave the Home Secretary power to verify a foreign national as a suspected international terrorist (s. 21). The House of Lords Judicial Committee on December 2004 concluded with their judgement on the compatibility of the Part 4 powers with the (ECHR). The Human Rights 1998 (Designated Derogation) Order 2001 was crushed and section 23 of the ATCSA was affirmed to be incompatible with Articles 5 (right to liberty) and 14 (freedom from discrimination) of the ECHR. The House of Lords considered Part 4 powers were discriminatory. Their reasoning was it only applied to foreign nationals and also acknowledged that they were not proportionate to threats the UK faced was facing on terrorism. From this action, the Government replaced the Part 4 powers with a new system of Control Orders. Control Orders would be subjected to all suspected terrorist, whether him or her being a UK national or not. Also whatever the aim of his/her terrorist activity is. In cases of extraordinary powers on suspected terrorism, control orders allows the authorities to impose conditions from prohibitions on accessing items or any service, restrictions on being with particular individuals, or restrictions on movement or curfews. The Home Secretary has the power to make a control order based on any intelligence provided. On suspected terrorism, Control Orders could be varied and controls changed if the individual poses a larger threat. These types of powers may be up to certain strict periods, as Control Orders will be time limited and can be set up to 12 months at a time allowing them to be renewable thereafter. The powers are set strict enough to when breach of a condition, it would be a criminal offence most likely of imprisonment. In the light of what you have read, do you consider that a period of up to 28 days detention without charge of those suspected of terrorism is reconcilable with Article 5, ECHR and with the ECtHRs jurisprudence on extended detention periods in such cases? In light of what I have read, 28 days is too much to keep a person in pre-trial detention on charges of suspected terrorism. The 2006 Terrorism act , I doubt would have considered beforehand putting a person away for 28 days what would the damage be to the mental health, personal and family relationships and employment of the person detained for periods as long as this. Putting people under long detention periods by the police may amount to a confess at the end, but might it is also well known that detention rules such as these can produce false confessions which, in their turn, can lead to miscarriages of justice. Steven Greer outlined this prime principle with his example of the evidence gathered on Northern Ireland indicated that most confessions in such processes are, in fact, made in the first 48 hours. But that was pre 9/11 however now the risks are much bigger several days would seem the best option. In contrast with Article5 (2), a person shall be informed promptly of the rea sons for the arrest and any charge against them and that they shall be brought promptly before a judge (Art.5 (3)). The 28-day pre-charge detention period would, therefore, appear to constitute a violation of human rights. In a more logic instances, factors should be considered and outlined on whether this person should be detained for longer, for example if the person is a potential threat to community and has previous charges of providence false statements or evidence. In any trial before on suspected terrorism it should be what characteristics does the current terrorist threat have, which would be able to extended power of pre-charge detention? The Government originally advocated a 90-day period on the grounds that much more time is required, is too extreme. This in most instances should violate the rights of an individual person. 28 days is still to be considered under the Convention test let alone 90 days or 42. In comparison other western democracy i.e. the USA, it is quite astonishing that the United Kingdoms 28-day has the longest pre-charge detention period. Under U.S. Federal law, the maximum period of pre-charge detention is 48 hours. This limit comes from the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution. Overall, detaining people for 28 days without charge inevitably leads to injustice, and undermines our ability to fight terrorism. It also affects the British tradition of liberty and justice. Libertys Director, Shami Chakrabarti, has consistently argued against extended periods of detention in suspected terrorism cases and is critical of reliance on the states Article 15 power to derogate (enabling it to suspend the protection of the ECHR): It simply seems to me that a state of public emergency of indefinite length is as dangerous as the unending war on terror which allows the murderer to call himself a soldier. A limitless state of emergency is a contradiction in terms. It is no longer a temporary departure from the proper and normal order of society for as short a period as possible in order to re-establish means of existence, government and law. It is instead a new state of being. A state of constitutional poverty without the ethical framework that we most need in times of greatest difficulty. (last page of her article, Terrorism and the Rule of Law). Is she right? Libertys Director, Shami Chakrabarti, has regularly argued against extended periods of detention (imprisonment) in suspected terrorism cases and is critical of (confidence) reliance on the states Article 15 power to derogate (take away) (enabling it to suspend the protection of the ECHR): It simply seems to me that a state of public emergency of indefinite (unfixed) length is as dangerous as the (endless) unending war on terror which allows the murderer to call himself a soldier. A limitless (unlimited) state of emergency is a contradiction (conflict) in terms. It is no longer a temporary departure (retreat) from the proper and normal order of society for as short a period as possible in order to re-establish (re-build) means of existence, government and law. It is instead a new state of being. A state of constitutional poverty (shortage) without the ethical (moral) framework (structure/background) that we most need in times of greatest difficulty. (last page of her article, Terroris m and the Rule of Law). Is she right? Prior to shami chakrabati principle on how an unlimited period of public emergency is the same as an endless war on terror. Being able to derogate our rights on detention and on other rights, retreats us from the proper normal society we are living in today. Laws such as these will never be able to allow us return to normal but instead lead us into a state of a constituinoal poverty without the moral structure. Governments at a time like this would instead of focusing on how to prevent any terrorisim from happeneing, split our society up based on our views rather than our actions. As lod hoff man stated the real to the life of the nation comes not from terrorisim, but from laws such as these. An example can be the new-anti terror control orders surely the are likely to breach Article 6. Not surprising as to some quite significant interference with liberty without charge or trial. Another prime example being the government trying to extend the pre trial detention to ninety days. Sur ely under Article 5, demands prompts information on reasons of your arrest and any charges against you. And this is only for terror supects. Picture how ninety days in prison and being released without charge, not only would he be disgusted with the britsh laws but other people would stay clear of the police when it comes to co-operating with some useful inside information on the latest terrorist activity. Even so what with chakarbati giving some in sight on the rule of law , in todays news there are various news articles on how britian has been torturing our own british suspects in camps such as guantamano bay and Pakistan. The British have paid whatever costs to use all means possible to access any information relating to terrorists activity.

Chronicle of a death foretold :: English Literature:

Chronicle of a death foretold Chronicle of a death foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a fictitious novel. It was originally written in Spanish but was later translated to English. The story began on the morning of Santiago Nasar’s murder. We are being told the story in first person view by an unnamed narrator who has witness the events that occurred. I think there is a surreal and repetitive tone; I get the feeling that the narrator is investigating the murder because we are told the story years later from an omniscient point of view and all the characters’ thoughts are shared. There were two main themes that I noticed. The main theme was how unpowerful the women are in the story. This is shown when Marquez writes "The brothers were brought up to be men. The girls were brought up to be married.† This excerpt shows the severity of the lives women lead in the reserved Colombian culture of the town. A woman's worthiness as a wife was measured by her beauty in conjunction with her ability to gracefully run all aspects of a household. The idea that the woman in a marriage is expected to suffer is significant-no woman enters marriage expecting to be happiness unless she is fortunate enough to love whichever man decides to court her. In this Spanish culture, unlike Western culture, marriage is not based on love. There is also the importance of cultural traditions like honor. The twin brothers murder Santiago Nasar because he took their sister’s virginity away. Also, I became aware the there in an emphasis on the dream that Santiago had, with the trees and the weather on the day he was murdered. Some recalled that it rained and some said that it was sunny. One technique used in the story as a motif as magic realism. This is the incorporation of fantastic or mythical into realistic fiction. I noticed that Marquez keeps on repeating the murder before it occurred, this helped to build suspense. From the second chapter I understood that the narrator implies that Santiago is innocent for the crime he dies for. But if he is innocent, then who took Angela Vicario’s virginity? The brutality of the social conventions surrounding women becomes clear in this chapter. Because she was not a virgin when she married, not only is Angela abandoned by her husband, but she is beaten by her mother. The double standards of her culture are highlighted by the fact that the narrator, Santiago and some other friends are all at a whorehouse doing whatever they please. This novel reminded me of the difficulty of understanding events.

Internal and External Factors Influencing Management Essay

Two of the Toyota Production System’s philosophies are â€Å"Daily improvements† and â€Å"Good Thinking. Good Products† (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2010). Recently, Toyota has faced a mass recall. There are several external and internal factors to consider as Toyota’s management reevaluates and reformulates its four functions: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Factors that impact the four functions are: globalization, technology, innovation, diversity, and ethics. Managers need to use delegation to manage all functions and factors to reestablish the credibility the company. Planning is a decision making process that incorporates a cycle in which outcomes are analyzed, evaluated, and revised. More specifically, internal and external factors can impact the function of planning more often than none. When evaluating the planning with Toyota and their various recalls, the sources management needs to focus on are clearly their customer’s safety and further their satisfaction. These external sources will bring Toyota’s management back to the first function of management, which is planning. â€Å"With more than 9 million cars covered under its latest recall, Toyota’s management is certainly under the microscope. In fact, Toyota is facing both criminal and Congressional probes into its safety problem† (The Hufftington Post, 2010). With these extraordinary circumstances, Toyota’s managers must use their managerial functions: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. In the recalls, Toyota has had to adapt to these external factors and provide immediate changes to their normal planning. Once the planning has been established, Toyota can begin to organize, lead, and control the process of the various Toyota recalls. Their plan of alerting customers through the dealers and through the Internet is a primary example of effective management. Customers can enter the vehicle identification number on their website to immediately determine if their autos are one of the affected and can further begin processing the claim. Managers must also control the situations and the outcomes of their plans internally through analytical planning. As the auto recalls and repairs take  place, the effects of these recalls have to be analyzed internally and eventually provide management the necessary information to determine how successful their immediate planning was. External factors, such as dealerships, customers, and mechanics, will also have immediate effects on Toyota’s planning. As repairs take place, information will be sent back to the corporate managers to establish the success rate. Toyota has globalized their company and has expanded to more than 170 countries such as Japan and the United States. Globalizing Toyota impacts the four functions of management. Globalizing Toyota would have taken a tremendous amount of time and effort on management’s part. Planning needs to be in detail in which the Toyota Company wants to sell their vehicles and how much they anticipate the vehicles sell for. Management needs to organize globalization by discussing the outcomes of the sales and benefits that would be provided in the other countries they want to globalize in. Management needs to set up a meeting with other countries and dealerships to show the new idea of where to locate dealerships and provide them with the benefits packages. Leading globalization can either be easy or difficult, because the countries may have a hard time with debating if they want to use Toyota as one of their vehicles to sell. With management leading the globalization, they need to explain to the other countries that Toyota is a good vehicle, and it would be beneficial for them to sell them. Management needs to motivate the dealerships to sell the vehicles and to become top sellers. To control globalization, management needs to make sure that they provide enough information about their vehicles and their company to other countries. Without information, it would be difficult for other countries to decide on Toyota the product they want to sell to their customers. Management plans to use technology to achieve future goals. They help with designing vehicles and communicating to other facilities to make sure that everything is operating correctly. Management organizes information using technology such as the Internet so customers can see more information  regarding their vehicles and their prices. They also organize information for the employees so they can see new information which is out, such as the recall on the Toyota vehicles. Then they can tell their customers what to expect and how to handle the situation. Technology allows management to be leaders and to motivate their employees by sending congratulations e-mails to the top sales employee or by telling them what they have earned if they sell a specific amount of vehicles. Motivating employees helps keep the morale strong, and the Internet helps communicate motivational messages across different countries and departments. Controlling technology helps managers so see what quotas were met to reach the goals. Quotas will make it easier for the manager to calculate everything to be sure employees reached their goals and by how much more they need to go if they have not reached them. Management plans for innovation when they begin their projects. They need to determine what new innovation will bring them and how much it will contribute to the company. If innovation is a good idea, such as using different types of gas pedals on the vehicles, then management can put that plan into action and project how much it will cost them compared to their profits. To organize innovation, management needs to take their time to be sure Toyota products will make them money. They need to provide a blueprint to the employees stating the details of the new innovation and why it will benefit Toyota. Management can also explain the sales involved. To control innovation, management needs make sure that the production department is following instructions. Diversity impacts the four functions of management. Management’s planning might focus on the diversity found within the skills of its subcontractors in other countries. Strategic planning may include reevaluation of factories and the ultimate cost thus far of locating factories in areas for the purpose of lowering costs due to shipping. Management will focus on diversity when organizing training for its current and future employees. Weaknesses need to be identified so such organizing can be established. In Toyota’s time of crisis, management will find a number of diverse reactions from employees as many will have to be let go in the company’s time of loss. Leading the workers by motivating the remaining employees may be difficult given the diverse emotions felt by all. Diversity in controlling the situation may be found in how responsive customers are to Toyota’s efforts to rebuild a damaged reputation. The diversity found in the customers’ reactions will determine how well the company’s efforts are working on reestablishing faith in the product and whether or not management goes back to the drawing board. One of the main internal factors that affect the four functions of management for Toyota is its guiding principles. There are five main principles: always be faithful to their duties, thereby contributing to the company and to the overall good, always be studious and creative, striving to stay ahead of the times, always be practical and avoid frivolousness, always strive to build a home-like atmosphere at work that is warm and friendly, and always have respect for God, and remember to be grateful at all times (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2010). These principles install an ethical standard by which the company operates. The ethical standard of the five principles are incorporated into the â€Å"CSR POLICY: Contribution towards Sustainable Development† (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2010). The CSR is a statement about Toyota’s relationship with parties connected or with businesses involved with the corporation. These parties are listed ascustomers, employees, business partners, shareholders, global society, and local communities(Toyota Motor Corporation, 2010). Through the CSR, Toyota sets ethical standards for its corporate relationships. Until its recent crisis, Toyota was viewed as highly ethical in regard to responsibility to people and the environment. Management is morally aware of its current unsafe vehicle situation. Planning will likely incorporate the  elimination of the unsafe system and the incorporation of new safety standards and procedures. The CSR states, â€Å"Based on our philosophy of â€Å"Customer First†, we develop and provide innovative, safe and outstanding high quality products and services that meet a wide variety of customers’ demands to enrich the lives of people around the world† (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2010). Management has had to organize press conferences to explain to consumers about what was happening. Organizing such conferences shows a corporation that strives to be socially responsible to customers and their safety (Bateman & Snell, 2009). Toyota put an â€Å"ecotechnologies† division together and developed a â€Å"hybrid electric-combustion† automobile (Bateman & Snell, 2009). Management’s efforts are not all forgotten. Continuing to lead the company in offering environmentally responsible products will continue to be a goal. If ethics are implemented in the correct way, Toyota will maintain its integrity (Bateman & Snell, 2009). Management will control efforts to stabilize the company by monitoring new action plans put into effect for the resolution of the vehicle safety issues they face. Toyota has faced a mass recall. Toyota needs to consider external and internal factors such as globalization, technology, innovation, diversity, and ethics, and how those factors will affect planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Then they can begin new strategic planning to overcome their current crisis.

The Medical Field And The Science Field - 942 Words

Serial killers often are torn between their mental stability and their immoral actions. Mental issues are widely overlooked in the medical field and in the science world. Psychology does not seem to be an objective science to the majority of the world, and the brain is one of the arduous organs to study in the body. Not much detail is known about how the brain works and why it works the way it does, as the study of the human brain is still a relatively new field in the medical and science field. For almost the entire existence of the human species, famous philosophers have always questioned how things work, and why things work the way things do. They ask the difficult questions, yet the question of how they are alive or how they are simply able to think has never come up. This question of thought has never really sprouted from anyone’s train of thought until more recently around the 1900s when worldwide people finally figured that the brain controls all of our actions. As psychology starts to expand, every question that anyone ever comes up is almost always brought up to light, there are still many of the unknown that resides in this field, and many branches have branched off from the main field of psychology. Fields heavier on the biology side such as neuroscience and psychiatry focus on the brain chemistry and how offsets and imbalances of the chemical in our brains affect how our brain works. These fields typically look at the brain from a biological perspective, pushingShow MoreRelatedScience Programs And The Medical Field Of Their Choice1896 Words   |  8 PagesMany of the students that attend Chatham University do so because they want to pursue a career in the medical field of their choice. There are many prerequisites for all of the health science programs nevertheless anatomy is a required course for each of them (Sugand, 2010). Anatomy is one of the most difficult subjects for undergrads to learn, in part because of substantial amount o f information that needs to be committed to memory in order to understand the structures and workings of the bodyRead MoreThe Impact of Computer Science on Health Care Medicine1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Computer Science on Health Care amp; Medicine Abstract Computer science can be defined as the systematic study of algorithmic processes, their theory, design, analysis, implementation and application. Its functions in the modern society today expand far beyond the uses one could even begin to imagine. Specifically, there is an increased influence in its practical application in the field of medicine. In recent times, an interdependent relationship between medicineRead MoreCareers or Positions in Psychiatry Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesPsychiatry For this investigation I have chosen to conduct research into the medical field of Psychiatry. Psychiatry is considered to be one of the most difficult occupations to work in and thus entry into the field of Psychiatry is both difficult and challenging. In Psychiatry there is a large breakdown of additional specialist fields, all of which require a large amount of study to perform well in. In the past 5 years the field of psychiatry has had an employment percentage decline of 20.1 percentRead MoreBenefits of Expertise in the Medical Field1368 Words   |  6 PagesPeople who decide to become medical doctors need to make several sacrifices. The training is long and difficult. Furthermore, it does not end with school because doctors are required to learn about new problems and advances in the field of medical science for the rest of their lives. However, there is a positive side in becoming a doctor. It is not just about learning complicated procedures and going through rigorous tra ining. Being a doctor means that a person is required to nurture the positiveRead MoreWhy I Want Pursue A Career1744 Words   |  7 Pagescareer in the medical field and are very successful right now. Another reason is because of my aunt and uncle. They have made me realize that being either a doctor or pharmacist is a very good career to pursue because I can be a role model to their kids and that would want them to pursue a similar career. Basically I’ve been convinced to go for a career in the medical field throughout my whole life. I’m also in medical classes at school, so I already have plentiful knowledge of medical careers andRead MoreIdentify Underlying Causes And Theories Of The Field Of Medical Research1563 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch, which was how the field of computer science is invaluable to the field of medical research. The result of this came from analyzing three research papers that focused on the past and recent use of computer science within the conjunction of the life science field. It showed that with new technology rapidly growing, computer science has not only become extremely important to the medical science field, it has become an extremely vital part of the life science field. Now that we have accomplishedRead MoreBenefits Of Being A Radiologist1146 Words   |  5 PagesA radiologist is someone who looks at medical images (such as X-Rays, Computerized Tomography scans, ultrasounds, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and uses it to detect medical problems. Some of the duties that radiologists perform include: diagnosing illnesses and treating patients using medical radiation. A radiologist can work at a public or private hospital or set up their own clinic. Working conditions for a radiologist who is employed at a hospital will not differ much from a clinic. You willRead MoreTheory of Knowledge and Reason1375 Words   |  6 PagesHistory is most often associated with past events, other associations being hypothetical : interpreting what if theories and revisionist history. The human sciences deals with multiple fields, but those fields all generally include the factor of the human population or the human individual, hence the name human sciences. It is said that a historians task is to understand the past, while the human scientists task is to change the future. Yet there are counterclaims to these descriptions of aRead MoreBecoming A Medical Doctor While For Sciences861 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing fields; health sciences, sciences, and education. For health sciences, I chose to become a medical doctor while for sciences, I chose to be an organic chemist and for education I decided to be a chemistry professor. Each of these careers is unique and has its educational requirements and targeted audience. With the advancement of technologies, hundreds of new technologies emerge yearly in these careers resulting in development of ethical behaviors for each emerging technology. Medical DoctorRead MoreThe Field Of Health Information Technology1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe field of Health Information Technology is a fast growing field that helps providers manage their patient care in a better way and provide us with more secure healthcare information. Health Information Technology professionals are really important to this field. They specialize in information management and analytical sciences in their field in order to identify, define, manage, and communicate the data. Without them many of the advances in healthcare would not have happened and they play a major